What Types Of Animals Need High Fiber Diets
While free energy and protein are frequently the major focus of many beefiness cattle nutritional programs, fiber is another essential diet component beef cattle producers need to consider. Cobweb blazon, quality, and length impact cattle health and productivity. Cobweb is typically coarse and less dense than other feedstuff components, and the positive effects of feedstuffs on rumen health are related to their fiber content.
When Mississippi beefiness cattle operations feel hay shortages, producers must consider alternative fiber (roughage) sources for cattle diet programs. Effective fiber levels are typically not a business in beefiness cattle on high-forage diets, such every bit when grazing with sufficient available forage or with gratuitous-choice hay supplementation. However, in periods of hay and grazing shortages, effective use of fiber substitutes in beef cattle diets becomes critical.
Ruminant livestock (cattle, goats, and sheep) tin use big amounts of fodder with loftier fiber content. Fiber can be defined every bit carbohydrates not digested by mammalian enzymes but digestible by rumen microorganisms. Cobweb includes cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and soluble fiber (fructans, pectans, galactans, and beta-glucans). Well-nigh fiber in plant cloth is institute in the structural components of cell walls.
In the rumen, fiber-digesting bacteria digest structural carbohydrates, while starch-digesting leaner digest nonstructural carbohydrates. In general, the starch digesters tolerate low pH levels, only the fiber digesters are inhibited by low pH. If the goal is to maximize forage intake and digestibility, it may be counterproductive to add grain (corn, wheat, etc.) to the nutrition across a threshold of about 0.5 percent of body weight daily because of reduced rumen pH effects. A supplement with low levels of starch and highly digestible cobweb (soybean hulls, corn gluten feed, dried distillers grains) is more appropriate to maintain provender intake, digestibility, and rumen pH. Rumen pH tin can as well be kept from dropping too low by buffers secreted in the animal'southward saliva. Salivary flow is primarily stimulated during rumination (cud chewing) by effective fiber.
Beef cattle diets lacking adequate cobweb can impairment the rumen wall. The effectiveness of fiber for supporting rumen wellness is positively related to particle size of the fiber and is often referred to as effective cobweb. A high level of cobweb in the diet does not e'er mean the cobweb is effective. If the fiber is chopped or ground too short or fine, it may not promote rumen health. A minimum cobweb length of ¼ inch can exist adequate for chopping dry hay where the fiber source comprises a majority of the nutrition and the nutrition direction level is loftier, only a fiber chop length of ½ inch is recommended for most production systems. Fiber chop length should be at least ½ inch when the effective fiber source makes up less than 25 percent of the diet.
Longer fiber helps form the rumen mat that is essential for proper rumen role and food digestion. Just because a feedstuff contains high fiber levels does non mean information technology is in the class of effective fiber that promotes rumen health. A good example of this is soybean hull pellets. Soybean hulls are high in digestible fiber only have a small particle size and are relatively low in constructive cobweb levels. Effective fiber supplementation improves the performance of cattle fed soybean hull pellets. Therefore, exercise not utilize only soybean hull pellets as an sectional fiber source to replace forages. Finely ground fiber passes through the digestive system rapidly and does non meet effective fiber needs of cattle.
NDF and ADF
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is unremarkably noted on forage exam results. It refers to fiber that is insoluble in neutral detergent and includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Neutral detergent fiber represents all plant cell wall material, is only partly digestible by animals, and is negatively correlated with dry matter intake. As NDF increases in the diet, dry affair intake decreases. Likewise, acid detergent fiber (ADF), the portion of fiber that is insoluble in acid detergent (cellulose and lignin), is negatively correlated with digestibility. Acrid detergent fiber is equanimous of highly indigestible plant fabric, generally only the lignified or otherwise undigestible portions of plant cell walls. By and large, as ADF increases, forages or feeds go less digestible.
Forage quality standards in relation to NDF and ADF values announced in Table one. Fiber values are often used in calculations to compute total digestible nutrients (TDN), a unremarkably used free energy value for assessing forages and other feedstuffs for use in beef cattle diets. Table ii lists estimated NDF and ADF values for selected fodder crops grown in Mississippi. This table shows that legumes tend to have lower NDF and ADF values than grasses, and increasing provender maturity raises NDF and ADF values.
| Forage quality standard | Neutral detergent cobweb, dry matter basis | Acrid detergent fiber, dry matter ground |
|---|---|---|
| Prime number | less than 40% | less than 31% |
| 1 | 40 to 46% | 31 to 35% |
| 2 | 47 to 53% | 36 to 40% |
| iii | 54 to lx% | 41 to 42% |
| 4 | 61 to 65% | 43 to 45% |
| v | greater than 65% | greater than 45% |
Adapted from Ball et al. (2007).
| Alfalfa | Neutral detergent fiber, dry out matter basis | Acid detergent fiber, dry affair footing |
|---|---|---|
| Bud stage | 38 to 47% | 28 to 32% |
| Early flower stage | 42 to 50% | 32 to 36% |
| Mid flower stage | 46 to 55% | 36 to xl% |
| Total flower phase | 56 to 60% | 41 to 43% |
| Almanac ryegrass | Neutral detergent fiber, dry affair ground | Acid detergent fiber, dry matter basis |
|---|---|---|
| Vegetative to boot stage | 47 to 53% | 27 to 33% |
| Boot to head stage | 53 to 59% | 33 to 39% |
| Bermudagrass | Neutral detergent cobweb, dry matter ground | Acid detergent fiber, dry out thing basis |
|---|---|---|
| 4 week old | 63 to 68% | 33 to 38% |
| eight week old | lxx to 75% | xl to 45% |
| Corn silage | Neutral detergent fiber, dry out matter basis | Acid detergent fiber, dry matter ground |
|---|---|---|
| Well-eared | 48 to 58% | 23 to 30% |
| Fair- to poor-eared | 58 to 67% | 30 to 39% |
| Red clover | Neutral detergent fiber, dry matter basis | Acid detergent cobweb, dry matter basis |
|---|---|---|
| Early on bloom | 38 to 42% | 28 to 32% |
| Late flower | 42 to 50% | 32 to 38% |
| Tall fescue | Neutral detergent cobweb, dry matter basis | Acid detergent fiber, dry matter ground |
|---|---|---|
| Vegetative to kick stage | fifty to 56% | 30 to 36% |
| Kick to head stage | 56 to 62% | 36 to 42% |
Adapted from Ball et al. (2007).
Constructive Fiber
Effective cobweb is expressed as effective NDF (eNDF). Effective NDF refers to the percentage of the NDF that effectively stimulates chewing and salivation, rumination, and rumen motion. Longer forage fiber lengths stimulate cud chewing (rumination) and saliva product. Saliva serves as a buffer in the rumen and helps stabilize rumen pH at levels beneficial to rumen function.
The importance of stimulating salivary menstruation to buffer rumen pH is well documented. Dietary levels of eNDF impact rumen pH and are oftentimes used to predict rumen pH for feeding formulations. Sufficient eNDF is important in beef cattle diets to go along rumen pH from dropping beneath acceptable levels to maintain feed intake. Diets high in grains (high-starch diets) ofttimes reduce rumen pH. Nevertheless, highly digestible feeds loftier in pectins (soybean hulls, beet lurid, etc.) practice not reduce pH as dramatically as many grains.
High-energy (east.g., finishing) diets crave 8 percentage eNDF, the concentration necessary to keep rumen pH above v.seven. Rumen pH below 5.7 dramatically reduces dry matter intake in cattle. If cattle gorge on loftier-starch feeds or there is a lack of effective fiber in the diet (leading to inadequate saliva secretion to buffer the rumen), rumen pH can remain low, and intake may drop off at the next feeding. Depression pH levels for extended periods of time can shift the rumen microbial population in favor of bacteria that produce loftier levels of lactic acrid, leading to acute acidosis. Cattle changing from high roughage to high concentrate diets need several weeks of gradual diet adjustment to permit shifts to rumen microbe populations that digest high starch levels without dropping rumen pH below five.vi.
Feedyards typically feed minimal amounts of roughage because finishing cattle are more than efficient when fed high-grain diets. One of the major benefits of roughage in high-grain diets for finishing cattle may be as rumen fill up that helps control grain intake and reduces incidence of liver abscesses. Increasing eNDF levels in finishing diets can reduce the level of management needed to maintain cattle digestive health. However, issues such as acidosis associated with feeding high-grain diets can be controlled with good bunk management.
| Diet blazon | Minimum eNDF required, % of dry out matter |
|---|---|
| High concentrate to maximize gain/feed, mixed diet, expert bunk management, and ionophores | 5 to 8a |
| Mixed diet, variable bunk direction, or no ionophore | 20 |
| High concentrate to maximize non-fiber carbohydrate use and microbial poly peptide yield | xxb |
aTo keep rumen pH more than 5.half-dozen to 5.7, the threshold below which cattle stop eating.
bTo keep rumen pH to a higher place 6.two, maximizing cell wall digestion and/or microbial protein yield.
Adjusted from NRC (2000).
Bunk management tin command wide variations in rumen pH and can reduce eNDF requirements to a minimum of five percent of dietary dry matter. Ionophores (monensin and lasalocid) added to the feed or mineral supplement can also reduce the quantity of feed that cattle consume at 1 repast and result in less rumen pH fluctuation. Under low rumen pH conditions (pH <6), little energy is derived from fiber, and microbial poly peptide yield is reduced by at least ane-tertiary. Depending on feeding management, every bit much equally 25 pct eNDF may exist needed to maintain adequate pH for maximum fodder digestion and microbial growth. Effective NDF levels that are too low tin effect in high passage rates and lower cyberspace free energy values. Effective fiber levels can be increased past coarse-chopping instead of fine-chopping forages or by adding feeds with more effective fiber.
The eNDF in a feed or forage varies with the size of feed particles. Larger feed or fodder particles are more constructive at causing abrasive actions in the rumen, often referred to as "scratch factor." The effective NDF level drops from 98 percent of NDF with long grasses to 73 per centum of NDF with grasses less than ¼ inch long. In legumes, eNDF levels drop from 92 percent of NDF with long legumes to 67 percent of NDF with legumes less than ¼ inch in length. Therefore, feeding recommendations ofttimes specify a minimum fodder staple length to ensure good rumen health. Reviewing the NDF and eNDF levels of common feedstuffs reveals why many "hay replacer" rations contain big percentages of cottonseed hulls. Cottonseed hulls are an excellent roughage and constructive fiber source for beef cattle diets.
| Feed | NDF, % of dry affair | eNDF, % of NDF1 |
|---|---|---|
| Cottonseed hulls | 90.0 | 100 |
| Whole cottonseed | 51.6 | 100 |
| Bahiagrass hay | 72.0 | 98 |
| Bermudagrass, late vegetative | 76.6 | 98 |
| Tall fescue, mature | 70.0 | 98 |
| Mature corn silage, normal chop | 41.0 | 71 |
| Mature corn silage, fine chop | 41.0 | 61 |
| Corn gluten feed | 36.2 | 36 |
| Cottonseed meal | 28.0 | 36 |
| Corn, dried grain | 9.0 | 60 |
| Corn, cracked | 10.8 | xxx |
| Soybean repast | 7.8 | 23 |
| Hominy feed | 23.0 | 9 |
| Distillers grains with solubles | 46.0 | 4 |
| Soybean hulls | 66.3 | two |
| Wheat middlings | 35.0 | ii |
iEquals the proportion of NDF that is effective in stimulating rumination and is divers equally the percent remaining on a 1.18 mm screen after dry sieving.
Adapted from NRC (2000).
Hay Replacer Diets
Hay replacer diets are formulated with high levels of cobweb (roughage) to make up for provender shortfalls. The example hay replacer diets listed on the next page are intended for mature cattle. Growing cattle crave unlike dietary nutrient levels from mature cattle. The ingredients listed in these hay replacers are not the only feedstuffs that can be used in these types of diets.
Many high-fiber feedstuffs are very bulky, so space requirements for storage along with feedstuff handling requirements should be factored into roughage source pick decisions. Cottonseed hulls are generally considered an excellent roughage source for cattle diets considering of their fantabulous palatability and good intake results. Cotton gin trash and cotton gin mote are other examples of high-roughage feedstuffs available in Mississippi that can be used as constructive fiber sources and hay replacers. Cotton gin mote typically contains fewer intact cotton wool stalks than cotton wool gin trash and provides less long staple fiber than either cottonseed hulls or cotton gin trash.
| Ingredient | Diet 1 | Diet 2 | Diet 3 | Diet 4 | Diet 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corn | 730 | 325 | |||
| Cottonseed hulls | 889 | 952 | 548 | 1300 | 700 |
| Cottonseed meal | 295 | 152 | 150 | 100 | |
| Soybean hulls | 1283 | ||||
| Corn gluten feed | 1089 | ||||
| Oats | 1180 | ||||
| Pikestaff molasses | 175 | ||||
| Limestone | thirteen | xiv | six | ||
| Dicalcium phosphate | two | x | |||
| Urea | 20 | ||||
| Trace mineral table salt1 | 9 | 9 | 9 | twenty | twenty |
oneA Vitamin ADE premix should be included in the diet. See Mississippi State Academy Extension Service Publication 2484 Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition for Beefiness Cattle for mineral and vitamin supplementation recommendations.
Corn stalks (besides referred to as corn stubble or corn stover) are a roughage option some beef cattle producers use, specially when corn crop residues are widely available and other roughage sources are expensive or in short supply. Be sure to monitor nitrate levels when including corn stalks in the nutritional programme. Corn stalks are a low-quality feedstuff and should be supplemented in nigh all feeding situations. Corn gluten feed and limestone or corn and soybean meal are examples of feed ingredient combinations that tin be supplemented with corn stalks successfully. Use the nutrient analysis results from forage testing corn stalks to determine the specific feedstuff levels needed to balance the diet.
Exercise extreme caution when including rice hulls or peanut hulls as roughage sources in beef cattle diets. These feedstuffs have relatively little nutritional value for beefiness cattle and can cause digestive tract disruptions when fed at moderate to high levels. Never feed crushed or ground peanut hulls to cattle.
Planning ahead to acquire acceptable roughage supplies can provide cattle producers with more nutrition program options when feed or forage supplies become limited or more expensive. Producers should consider effective fiber needs when deciding on advisable cobweb substitutes for hay replacement programs. For more information on fiber in beef cattle diets, contact your local MSU Extension function.
References
Ball, D. M., C. S. Hoveland, & G. D. Lacefield. 2007. Southern Forages. quaternary ed. Potash and Phosphate Institute and Foundation for Agronomic Research. Norcross, GA.
National Inquiry Council. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beefiness Cattle. 7th Revised Edition, 1996: Update 2000. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.
Trenkle, A. 2002. Formulating beef cattle rations for fiber and starch to optimize animal health and productivitiy. Intermountain Nutrition Briefing Proceedings. Utah State University. Logan, UT.
Publication 2489 (POD-03-22)
Reviewed past Brandi Karisch, PhD, Acquaintance Extension/Research Professor, Animal and Dairy Sciences. Written by Jane A. Parish, PhD, Professor and Head, North Mississippi Research and Extension Centre; and Justin D. Rhinehart, PhD, former Assistant Extension Professor, Animal and Dairy Sciences.
Source: http://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/fiber-beef-cattle-diets
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